Porcine Circovirus (PCV) belongs to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, and is a non-enveloped single-stranded circular DNA virus, which is also one of the smallest known animal viruses. First discovered in porcine kidney cell lines in 1974, the virus has high genetic stability and can be divided into four major genotypes, namely PCV1, PCV2, PCV3 and PCV4, according to differences in gene sequences and antigenicity. Among them, PCV2 has been the most extensively studied. There are certain differences in genomic homology among various genotypes, but the functional regions of core genes are highly conserved. The full length of the PCV genome is about 1.7kb, containing only two main open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2), which encode replication-related proteins and capsid structural proteins respectively. Its concise genomic structure makes it an ideal model for studying viral gene function and replication mechanisms.

PCV viral particles present a regular icosahedral symmetric structure with a diameter of only 17~22nm, without a lipid envelope, and have a simple structural composition. The core of the virus is a single-stranded circular closed DNA genome, which combines with host cell histones to form a stable nucleoprotein complex. The viral capsid is composed of a single type of capsid protein (Cap), with a total of 60 capsid protein subunits arranged symmetrically by non-covalent bonds to assemble a dense protein shell. The capsid protein is not only the main antigenic component of the virus, but also determines the tissue tropism and host specificity of the virus, and its surface antigenic epitopes are highly conserved. Due to the lack of an envelope structure, PCV has strong resistance to the external environment. The spatial conformation of its capsid protein is the key factor to maintain viral stability, and it also mediates the specific binding of the virus to host cell surface receptors to initiate the virus invasion process.

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