Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, and is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. First discovered and identified in the United Kingdom in 1971, the virus has high genetic variability and can be divided into two major categories: classical strains and variant strains based on genetic sequence differences, while the core gene sequences of different strains still maintain a certain degree of conservation. The full length of the PEDV genome is about 28kb, making it one of the viruses with larger genomes in the Coronaviridae family. Its genetic structure follows the typical characteristics of coronaviruses, including a 5' untranslated region, multiple open reading frames, and a 3' untranslated region. It mainly encodes replicase polyprotein, spike protein, membrane protein, envelope protein, and nucleocapsid protein. The unique genomic structure provides an important basis for the research on its replication and evolution mechanisms.

PEDV viral particles are pleomorphic, mainly spherical, with a diameter of about 90~160nm. Their structure consists of a core, capsid, and envelope from the inside out. The core is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome, which is closely combined with nucleocapsid protein to form a helically symmetric nucleocapsid; the envelope is derived from the host cell's endomembrane system, with three main glycoproteins embedded on the surface, namely spike protein (S), membrane protein (M), and envelope protein (E). Among them, the spike protein (S) is one of the most important structural proteins of the virus, which can form surface spikes. It not only determines the antigenic properties of the virus but also is responsible for mediating the binding of the virus to host cell receptors and the membrane fusion process; the membrane protein (M) penetrates the envelope and plays a key role in the assembly and morphological maintenance of viral particles; the envelope protein (E) is present in a small amount and participates in the budding process of the virus. In addition, there are a small number of auxiliary proteins between the capsid and the envelope, which are involved in the regulation of viral replication and assembly.

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