Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, which is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. The genomic sequence of this virus has high homology with that of coronaviruses derived from bats, suggesting that it originated from wild animal hosts such as bats and formed strains with specific genetic characteristics through long-term evolution. MERS-CoV has typical biological characteristics of the Coronaviridae family. Its genome replication relies on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by itself, and the genome can undergo genetic recombination and mutation to generate different genotypes. The virus has a relatively complex genetic composition, containing multiple open reading frames that can encode a variety of non-structural proteins and structural proteins, supporting viral replication and assembly.

MERS-CoV viral particles are spherical with a diameter of approximately 120-160 nm, and their structure consists of an envelope, a membrane protein matrix layer and a nucleocapsid from the outside to the inside. The viral envelope is derived from the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment of host cells, embedded with four key structural proteins, namely spike protein (S protein), envelope protein (E protein), membrane protein (M protein) and hemagglutinin-esterase protein (HE protein). Among them, the S protein can recognize specific proteins through its own receptor-binding domain, and is the core protein mediating the interaction between the virus and host cells; the E protein and M protein are involved in the assembly and morphological maintenance of viral particles; the HE protein has dual hemagglutinin and esterase activities. The matrix layer inside the envelope is formed by cross-linking of M proteins, which can connect the envelope and the nucleocapsid to ensure the structural stability of the virus. The nucleocapsid has a helical symmetric structure, which is formed by the tight combination of nucleocapsid protein (N protein) and the viral single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome, protecting the viral genome. The full length of the MERS-CoV genome is approximately 30 kb, which is one of the largest known RNA virus genomes, and its gene arrangement follows the typical characteristics of the Coronaviridae family.

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