Zika Virus (ZIKV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae, which is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. First isolated from rhesus monkeys in the Zika Forest of Uganda in 1947, the virus is named after its discovery site. ZIKV has multiple genotypes in nature, mainly including East African, West African, and Asian genotypes. Although there are certain differences in nucleotide sequences among different genotypes, their core biological characteristics are highly conserved. As an important member of the genus Flavivirus, ZIKV has the typical genomic structure and replication mode of flaviviruses. Its natural host range includes primates and other animals, occupying a specific niche in the ecosystems of tropical and subtropical regions, and it is an important object in the field of basic virology research.

ZIKV has typical structural characteristics of the Flaviviridae family. The virion is spherical overall with a diameter of approximately 40-60 nm. The core is composed of genomic RNA and capsid protein (C protein), and the outer layer is wrapped in a lipid envelope derived from the host cell membrane. The envelope is embedded with envelope glycoprotein (E protein) and membrane protein (M protein), among which the E protein exists as a dimer and is the main component of the viral surface structure. Its spatial conformation includes three domains (DI, DII, DIII), and there are glycosylation sites on the surface, which play an important role in the structural stability of the virus. The full-length ZIKV genome is about 10.7 kb, encoding only one polyprotein precursor. Under the combined action of viral own proteases and host proteases, this precursor can be cleaved into 3 structural proteins (C, PrM/M, E) and 7 non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5), which are respectively involved in the structural assembly and replication of the virus.

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