Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) belongs to the genus Orthohepadnavirus of the family Hepadnaviridae, and is an enveloped partially double-stranded circular DNA virus. First discovered in 1965, the virus has high genomic variability and has been divided into 8 genotypes (A-H) so far. Different genotypes have obvious geographical distribution differences, but the functional conservation of core genes is strong. The full length of the HBV genome is about 3.2kb, making it one of the smallest known animal DNA viruses. Its genomic structure is compact, containing 4 partially overlapping open reading frames that encode envelope protein, core protein, polymerase and X protein respectively. Its unique genomic structure and replication mechanism make it a typical representative for the study of Hepadnaviridae.

HBV viral particles (Dane particles) are spherical with a diameter of about 42nm, and their structure consists of a core, capsid and envelope from the inside out. The core contains a partially double-stranded circular DNA genome, DNA polymerase and a reverse transcriptase active region; the capsid is assembled from core proteins, presenting an icosahedral symmetric structure, which not only wraps the genome but also participates in the assembly and release of the virus. The envelope is derived from the host cell endoplasmic reticulum, with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) embedded on the surface. This antigen is one of the main structural proteins of the virus, encoded by the envelope protein gene, and divided into three regions: S, PreS1 and PreS2. Among them, PreS1 and PreS2 regions are closely related to the virus's recognition of host cell receptors, while the S region determines the antigenic specificity of the virus. In addition, a large number of hollow envelope particles without genome, with a diameter of about 22nm, are produced after HBV infects cells.

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