Adenovirus (AdV) belongs to the genus Adenovirus of the family Adenoviridae, and is a type of non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus. First isolated from human tonsil tissue in 1953, the virus is named for its initial association with glandular tissues. AdV has a wide host range, capable of infecting humans and various vertebrates. Based on differences in genomic sequences, antigenic properties, etc., human adenoviruses have been classified into at least 7 species (Groups A-G), including more than 100 serotypes. Its genome is linear double-stranded DNA with a full length of approximately 30-38kb, featuring high genetic stability and strong conservation of core gene sequences. Meanwhile, there are certain variations among different serotypes, which provides an important basis for studying viral evolution and typing, and also makes it a commonly used model virus in the fields of molecular biology and gene therapy.

AdV has a typical icosahedral symmetric structure, with viral particles about 70-90nm in diameter. Its structure consists of a core and a capsid from the inside out, without an envelope. The core is a linear double-stranded DNA genome, closely combined with a variety of basic proteins that participate in the packaging and protection of the genome. The capsid is composed of 252 capsomeres, including 240 hexons and 12 pentons. The pentons are located at the 12 vertices of the icosahedron, and each penton is connected to a fiber protein. Hexons are the main structural proteins of the capsid, determining the main antigenic properties of the virus; pentons and fiber proteins jointly mediate the binding of the virus to receptors on the surface of host cells, and are key structures for the virus to invade host cells. In addition, the capsid contains a variety of auxiliary proteins that participate in the assembly and stabilization of viral particles.

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