West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus of the family Flaviviridae, and is an enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. First isolated and identified in the West Nile region of Uganda in 1937, the virus gets its name from the place of discovery. The WNV genome has certain genetic diversity, and multiple genotypes have been identified so far, among which genotype 1 and genotype 2 are the most well-studied and widely distributed worldwide. As a typical member of the genus Flavivirus, the genomic structure of WNV is highly similar to that of other viruses in the same genus, with strong conservation of core gene sequences. Its unique gene regulatory mechanism makes it an important model for studying the biological characteristics of Flavivirus, and it occupies an important position in the field of basic virology research.

WNV has typical structural characteristics of the family Flaviviridae. The viral particles are spherical with a diameter of about 40~60nm, and their structure consists of a core, capsid, and envelope from the inside out. The core is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome with a full length of about 11kb, containing only one open reading frame that can encode a polyprotein precursor. This precursor is then cleaved by proteases encoded by the virus itself into 3 structural proteins and 7 non-structural proteins. The capsid protein (C) wraps the genomic RNA to form a nucleocapsid with an icosahedral symmetric structure; the envelope is a lipid bilayer structure derived from the host cell membrane, with envelope protein (E) and membrane protein (M) embedded on the surface. Among them, the envelope protein (E) forms surface protrusions, which are not only the main antigenic component of the virus but also responsible for mediating the binding of the virus to host cell receptors and membrane fusion, playing a crucial role in the virus's invasion of host cells; non-structural proteins are mainly involved in the replication and transcription of the viral genome and the assembly of viral particles.

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