Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) belongs to the genus Hepatitis E Virus of the family Hepeviridae. It is a non-enveloped single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus and an important research subject in the field of virology. Officially named in the 1980s, the virus has certain variability in its genome sequence. Currently, it has been divided into 4 major genotypes. Different genotypes have different distributions worldwide, but the core gene sequences are highly conserved. The genetic structure of HEV is relatively simple, containing only 3 open reading frames, which can encode non-structural proteins and structural proteins. The characteristics of its genome provide clear targets for the research on viral replication and transcription mechanisms, and also make it a typical model for RNA virus research.

HEV viral particles are spherical with a diameter of about 27-34 nm, having a typical icosahedral symmetric structure. The core of the virus is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome with a full length of about 7.2 kb. Both ends of the genome have a 5' untranslated region and a 3' untranslated region, and the middle part contains 3 open reading frames (ORF1, ORF2, ORF3) with different functions. Among them, the non-structural protein encoded by ORF1 includes functional regions such as protease, helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which are key proteins in the process of viral replication; the capsid protein encoded by ORF2 is the main structural protein forming viral particles, which can spontaneously assemble into virus-like particles and is crucial for maintaining the morphological structure of the virus; the protein encoded by ORF3 has a small molecular weight and is associated with the release process of viral particles. HEV has no lipid envelope, and its capsid protein is directly exposed to the external environment, which also determines the particularity of its physical and chemical properties.

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