Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) belongs to the genus Vesiculovirus of the family Rhabdoviridae, and is an enveloped single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus. First discovered in South America in 1926, the virus has a wide range of natural hosts, including various mammals and insects, but exhibits strict tissue tropism. The genome of VSV has high genetic stability, and multiple serotypes have been identified so far, among which the Indiana serotype (VSV-IND) and New Jersey serotype (VSV-NJ) are the most common and well-studied. There are certain differences in gene sequences between different serotypes, but the functional conservation of core genes is strong, which provides a good model basis for the research on its biological characteristics and molecular mechanisms, making it one of the commonly used model viruses in virology research.

VSV has typical structural characteristics of the family Rhabdoviridae. The viral particles are bullet-shaped or rod-shaped, with a length of about 150~180 nm and a diameter of about 50~90 nm. The viral structure consists of a nucleocapsid, a matrix protein layer and an envelope from the inside out. The core is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA genome with a full length of about 11 kb, containing 5 consecutive open reading frames that sequentially encode 5 structural proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA polymerase (L). The nucleocapsid is formed by the tight binding of N protein and genomic RNA, and is wrapped with a polymerase complex composed of P protein and L protein; the matrix protein (M) is located between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, forming a dense protein layer, which is crucial for maintaining the morphological structure of the viral particles; the envelope is derived from the host cell membrane, and the glycoprotein (G) embedded on the surface forms protrusions, which is the key protein for the virus to recognize and bind to host cell receptors.

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