Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) belongs to the genus Erythroparvovirus of the family Parvoviridae, and is one of the smallest and structurally simplest DNA viruses known to date. Discovered accidentally by British scientists in 1975 during hepatitis B virus screening from the 19th specimen in row B, the virus derives its name from this specimen number. B19V has relatively limited genetic diversity, with three well-defined genotypes currently identified: genotype 1, 2, and 3. Among them, genotype 1 can be further divided into two subtypes, 1a and 1b, and this genotype is the most widely distributed globally. As a virus that exclusively infects humans, B19V has a highly conserved genome, with protein homology between different genotypes reaching over 96%, which provides a stable foundation for the research on its biological characteristics.

B19V has typical structural characteristics of the Parvoviridae family. The viral particles are non-enveloped, presenting a symmetrical icosahedral structure with a diameter of approximately 23~26nm. Its core genetic material is linear single-stranded DNA, with a genome length of about 5.6kb (5596nt). There is a terminal repeat sequence at each end of the genome, which is a palindromic structure that can fold into a hairpin loop, serving as the starting primer for viral DNA replication. The viral capsid is composed of 60 capsomeres, mainly containing two structural proteins, VP1 and VP2. VP2 is the major capsid protein, accounting for 90%~95% of the total capsid protein, while VP1 is the minor capsid protein, accounting for only 5%~10%. The amino terminus of VP1 contains a unique sequence, which is a key epitope for inducing the body to produce neutralizing antibodies. In addition, the genome also encodes the non-structural protein NS1, which has multiple functions such as DNA binding and endonuclease activity, and is crucial for regulating the transcription of the viral genome.

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