Human Herpesvirus (HHV), among which Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important member, belongs to the genus Cytomegalovirus in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae of the family Herpesviridae. HHV is a group of enveloped double-stranded DNA viruses that are widely distributed in nature and possess high host specificity, infecting only humans and other primates. It is characterized by a long replication cycle and a propensity to establish latent infection in host cells. In the latent state, the viral genome can stably persist in host cells without producing mature viral particles. Additionally, it exhibits relatively high genetic stability, with the genomic homology between different strains reaching over 95%.

HHV (HCMV) viral particles are spherical with a diameter of approximately 150-200 nm, and their structure consists of an envelope, tegument, capsid, and core from the outside to the inside, with each structural layer having clear functions and acting synergistically. The outermost layer is a lipid bilayer envelope derived from the nuclear membrane of host cells, embedded with a variety of glycoproteins such as gB, gH, and gL. These glycoproteins are key molecules for the interaction between the virus and host cells, participating in the process of viral recognition and binding to host cells. The inner side of the envelope is the tegument structure, composed of various proteins, including dozens of virus-encoded tegument proteins. These proteins can act first after the virus enters the host cell, regulating the physiological state of the host cell to facilitate the replication and expression of the viral genome. Inside the tegument is an icosahedrally symmetric capsid, composed of major capsid protein (MCP), minor capsid protein, and other components. The regular structure of the capsid provides a stable protective barrier for the inner core. The core region contains a linear double-stranded DNA genome. The HCMV genome is approximately 230 kb in length, making it one of the members with the largest genome in the herpesvirus family. Its genome contains more than 200 open reading frames, which can encode a variety of structural proteins, enzymes, and regulatory proteins. Among them, enzymes such as DNA polymerase and helicase are core tools for viral genome replication, and regulatory proteins are involved in the precise regulation of the viral replication cycle.

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