Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) belongs to the genus Lentivirus of the family Retroviridae. It is a type of virus with high host specificity and significant genetic variability. This virus originated from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in primates in Africa. Through cross-species adaptation and genetic mutation, it has evolved into strains that can stably survive in human hosts. Based on differences in genetic sequence homology, HIV is mainly divided into two subtypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among them, the HIV-1 subtype has richer genetic diversity and is the dominant epidemic strain worldwide; the HIV-2 subtype is mainly distributed in West Africa, with relatively higher genetic stability and weaker population transmission capacity than HIV-1. As a typical member of the genus Lentivirus, HIV is characterized by a long replication cycle and the ability to remain latent in host cells for an extended period.

HIV virions have a typical spherical structure with a diameter of approximately 100-120 nm. The entire structure consists of three parts: an outer envelope, a middle matrix, and an inner core, each with distinct functional roles. The outermost layer of the virus is a lipid bilayer envelope derived from the host cell membrane, studded with a large number of glycoprotein complex spikes composed of gp120 and gp41. These two glycoproteins are key structures for the virus to recognize and bind to host cells—gp120 is responsible for the specific recognition of CD4 molecules on the surface of host cells, while gp41 mediates the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane after recognition and binding. Adjacent to the inner side of the envelope is a matrix composed of p17 protein, which maintains the morphological stability of the virion and provides protection for the core structure. The viral core is conical, enclosed by a capsid made of p24 protein, and contains two identical single-stranded positive-sense RNA genomes, along with three core enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. The HIV genome is approximately 9.2 kb in full length, including 3 structural genes (gag, pol, env) and 6 regulatory genes (tat, rev, nef, etc.). The structural genes encode viral structural proteins, while the regulatory genes control viral replication and expression processes.

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