Norovirus (NoV) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Norovirus within the family Caliciviridae. It is one of the primary pathogens causing acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans and is widely distributed globally. The virus can be rapidly transmitted via the fecal-oral route, through contaminated food or water, and through person-to-person contact. Norovirus exhibits high genetic diversity and environmental stability, with its genome prone to recombination and mutation, leading to the continuous emergence of new variants. The virus is prone to causing outbreaks in closed or semi-closed environments, posing an ongoing challenge to public health. Strengthening molecular epidemiological surveillance and research into its transmission mechanisms is of significant importance.

Norovirus belongs to the family Caliciviridae, and its viral particles exhibit an icosahedral symmetrical structure with a diameter of approximately 27–40 nm, featuring characteristic cup-shaped depressions on the surface. The viral genome is a non-segmented single-stranded positive-sense RNA, approximately 7.5–7.7 kb in length, containing three open reading frames that encode non-structural proteins, the major capsid protein VP1, and the minor capsid protein VP2, respectively. The entire viral particle primarily consists of the viral capsid, which is assembled from 180 copies of VP1 proteins in the form of dimers. The VP1 protein is further divided into two structural domains: the shell (S) domain and the protruding (P) domain, with the P domain subdivided into P1 and P2 subdomains. The P2 subdomain is located on the surface of the viral particle and contains key binding sites for host histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). It is the primary region determining viral host specificity, cellular tropism, and antigenic diversity, and it also serves as an important target for inducing host immune responses. The interior of the viral particle contains the genomic RNA and a small amount of VP2 protein, which may be involved in genome packaging and maintaining viral particle stability. The structural characteristics of the norovirus capsid protein and its interaction mechanisms with host receptors provide a critical theoretical foundation for the development of viral detection methods, vaccine research, and antiviral strategies.

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