Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. The virus primarily infects bovine animals and is globally distributed among cattle populations. It can be transmitted between animals through direct contact, secretions, or vertical transmission. Based on its pathogenicity and cell culture characteristics, BVDV is classified into two biotypes: cytopathic (cp) and non-cytopathic (ncp). The virus poses significant economic challenges to the cattle industry, and its ability to establish persistent infections and cause immunosuppression highlights the importance of epidemiological surveillance and control research.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) belongs to the family Flaviviridae, and its viral particles are spherical, with a diameter of approximately 40–60 nm, featuring a lipid envelope and an icosahedrally symmetric nucleocapsid structure. The viral genome is a non-segmented single-stranded positive-sense RNA, approximately 12.3 kb in length. It encodes a polyprotein precursor that is processed by host and viral proteases to produce mature proteins, including four structural proteins (C, Erns, E1, and E2) and seven to eight non-structural proteins (such as NS2-3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, NS5B, etc.). The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the nucleocapsid and the viral envelope. The nucleocapsid is formed by the capsid protein (C protein) bound to the genomic RNA, constituting the genetic core of the virus. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell's endoplasmic reticulum membrane and is embedded with three envelope glycoproteins: Erns, E1, and E2. Among these, the E2 protein forms the major antigenic determinants on the viral surface and plays a key role in mediating viral binding to host cell receptors, membrane fusion, and cellular entry. The Erns protein possesses ribonuclease activity and may contribute to viral immune evasion. These structural proteins, particularly the E2 protein, are the primary targets for inducing neutralizing antibodies in the host. Their genetic and antigenic variations are closely associated with the virus's biotype, virulence, and immunological properties, providing a critical foundation for the development of diagnostic methods, vaccine research, and molecular epidemiological studies.

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