Nipah virus (NiV) is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. The virus was first identified in 1999 in the village of Nipah, Malaysia, with fruit bats being its primary natural reservoir. It can be transmitted between animals and humans through direct contact with infected animals or their secretions. Nipah virus has a broad host range and high pathogenicity, and its outbreaks exhibit sporadic and clustered patterns, posing a serious threat to public health. Ongoing surveillance and interdisciplinary research are critical for mitigating its potential risks.

Nipah virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, and its viral particles exhibit pleomorphism, typically appearing as spherical or filamentous, with a diameter of approximately 150–300 nm, displaying characteristic paramyxovirus morphological features. The viral genome is a non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA, approximately 18.2 kb in size, encoding six structural proteins and three non-structural proteins. The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the matrix layer, and the viral envelope. The RNP contains the genomic RNA bound to the N, P, and L proteins, forming the core for viral transcription and replication. The matrix layer is composed of the M protein, which plays a key role in maintaining viral structural integrity, mediating viral assembly, and facilitating budding. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and is embedded with two important glycoprotein spikes: the attachment protein (G protein) and the fusion protein (F protein). The G protein is responsible for recognizing and binding to host cell surface receptors (such as ephrin-B2/B3), mediating specific viral attachment, while the F protein plays a central role in the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, serving as a key mediator for viral entry into cells. These two surface proteins are the primary antigens that induce the production of neutralizing antibodies in the host, and their structural characteristics and functional mechanisms provide an important molecular foundation for the development of related diagnostic methods, vaccine design, and antiviral research.

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