Encephalitis viruses include Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), among others, all of which are enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses belonging to the genus Flavivirus within the family Flaviviridae. These viruses are primarily transmitted through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes or ticks and can establish natural cycles among vertebrate hosts, including birds and mammals. Encephalitis viruses are endemic in specific geographical regions, and their transmission activities exhibit clear seasonality and ecological dependence. Due to their ability to invade the central nervous system and cause severe diseases, ongoing research into their transmission ecology, genetic evolution, and cross-species transmission potential is of significant importance.

Encephalitis viruses (represented by JEV, SLEV, and TBEV) belong to the family Flaviviridae, and their viral particles are spherical, with a diameter of approximately 40–50 nm, featuring an icosahedral nucleocapsid and a lipid envelope. The viral genome is a non-segmented single-stranded positive-sense RNA, about 11 kb in length, encoding three structural proteins (C, prM/M, and E) and seven non-structural proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5). The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the nucleocapsid and the viral envelope. The nucleocapsid is formed by the genomic RNA bound to the capsid protein (C protein), constituting the genetic core of the virus. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell's endoplasmic reticulum membrane and is embedded with membrane protein (M protein) and envelope protein (E protein), with the E protein forming surface spikes as dimers. The E protein is responsible for recognizing host cell surface receptors, mediating membrane fusion, and facilitating viral entry. It is a key molecule determining viral cell tropism and host range, as well as the primary antigenic target for inducing neutralizing antibodies in the host. The domain III of the E protein contains important antigenic epitopes, and its genetic variations are closely associated with the virus's serotype, virulence, and immune evasion characteristics. This provides a crucial molecular foundation for the development of related diagnostic reagents, vaccines, and epidemiological studies.

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