Machupo virus (MACV) is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Mammarenavirus within the family Arenaviridae. The virus was first isolated and identified in 1959 in the Machupo River region of Bolivia. The natural host of MACV is believed to be specific species of hamsters, and the virus can be transmitted between rodents and humans through contact with infected animals or their secretions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified it as an important emerging infectious disease pathogen. With its endemic characteristics, ongoing ecological monitoring and virological research are essential for assessing its potential public health risks.

Machupo virus belongs to the family Arenaviridae, and its viral particles exhibit pleomorphism, typically appearing as spherical or elliptical in shape, with a diameter of approximately 80–150 nm and characteristic sandy surface projections. The viral genome consists of two segments of single-stranded negative-sense RNA, including a large segment (approximately 7.2 kb) and a small segment (approximately 3.5 kb), encoding four major viral proteins. The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the matrix layer, and the viral envelope. The RNP contains the two genomic RNA segments and the N and L proteins bound to them, forming the core for viral replication and transcription. The matrix layer consists of the Z protein, which plays a key role in regulating viral assembly, budding, and the interaction between the virus and host cells. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and is embedded with the viral glycoprotein (GP) complex, which includes two subunits, GP1 and GP2. These glycoprotein complexes serve as the primary mediators for virus recognition and binding to host cell surface receptors (such as human transferrin receptor 1, TfR1), facilitating membrane fusion and cellular entry. Simultaneously, the GP complex is also a key antigen that induces specific immune responses in the host, forming an important molecular basis for the development of related serological detection methods and research tools.

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