Measles virus is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. It is the causative agent of measles and is highly contagious, primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets. The measles virus was once widely prevalent globally. Although it has been effectively controlled through vaccination, outbreaks still occur in certain regions. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified it as a vaccine-preventable disease targeted for elimination, highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance and immunization programs to achieve global eradication goals.

Measles virus belongs to the family Paramyxoviridae, and its viral particles are typically pleomorphic, mostly spherical or filamentous, with a diameter of approximately 150–300 nm. The viral genome is a non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA, about 16 kb in size, encoding six structural proteins and two non-structural proteins. The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the matrix layer, and the viral envelope. The RNP contains the genomic RNA bound to the N, P, and L proteins, forming the core for viral transcription and replication. The matrix layer is composed of the M protein, which plays a critical role in connecting the RNP core to the viral envelope, maintaining viral morphology, and facilitating budding. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and is embedded with two important glycoprotein spikes: hemagglutinin (H protein) and fusion protein (F protein). The H protein is responsible for recognizing and binding to host cell surface receptors (such as CD150 and NECTIN-4), mediating viral attachment, while the F protein facilitates the fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane, serving as a key mediator for viral entry into cells. These two surface proteins are the primary antigens that induce the production of neutralizing antibodies in the host and provide an important foundation for the research and development of related detection methods.

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