Lassa virus (LASV) is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Mammarenavirus within the family Arenaviridae. The virus is endemic in certain regions of West Africa, with the multimammate rat serving as its natural reservoir. Lassa virus poses a significant public health concern and has been listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a priority infectious disease for research. Due to its persistent presence and transmission risks in specific areas, surveillance and research efforts are crucial for understanding its transmission dynamics and enhancing control measures.

Lassa virus (LASV) belongs to the family Arenaviridae, and its viral particles exhibit pleomorphic shapes, predominantly spherical or elliptical, with a diameter of approximately 80–150 nm and characteristic sandy surface projections. The viral genome consists of two segments of single-stranded negative-sense RNA: a large segment (~7.2 kb) and a small segment (~3.4 kb), encoding four major viral proteins. The entire viral particle is structured from the inside out, primarily comprising the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), the matrix layer, and the viral envelope. The RNP contains the two genomic RNA segments bound to the N and L proteins, forming the core for viral replication and transcription. The matrix layer is composed of the Z protein, which plays a critical role in regulating viral assembly, budding, and suppressing host immune responses. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and is embedded with the viral glycoprotein (GP) complex, consisting of two subunits, GP1 and GP2. These glycoprotein complexes serve as the primary mediators for virus recognition and binding to host cell surface receptors (such as α-dystroglycan), facilitating membrane fusion and cellular entry. They are also key antigens that induce host immune responses and serve as important targets for the development of diagnostic methods and research tools.

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