Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus within the family Picornaviridae. This virus is the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, primarily infecting cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. FMDV exhibits high infectivity and genetic variability, with its genome prone to mutations, leading to the existence of multiple serotypes and numerous subtypes, which pose ongoing challenges to control efforts. The virus occurs globally, particularly in parts of Asia, Africa, and South America, and has a significant impact on the livestock economy. Given its considerable economic and biological importance, related research and surveillance efforts continue to receive attention from international organizations and veterinary authorities worldwide.

The FMDV particle belongs to the genus Aphthovirus within the family Picornaviridae. Its genome is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA, approximately 8.3 kb in length, encoding a polyprotein precursor that is processed by viral proteases into various mature proteins, including structural and non-structural proteins. The virus particle is a non-enveloped icosahedral symmetric structure with a diameter of about 25–30 nm. From the inside to the outside, the virus particle primarily consists of the genomic RNA core and the protein capsid. The capsid is composed of 60 copies of four structural proteins—VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4. Among these, VP1, VP2, and VP3 are exposed on the virus surface, collectively forming the major antigenic sites critical for eliciting host immune responses. VP4 is located inside the capsid. The hypervariable regions of the viral capsid protein, particularly on VP1, determine the serotype specificity of the virus and are also key sites for virus binding to host cell receptors and mediating cellular entry. Research on the fine structure of the virus particle is of great importance for understanding its infection mechanisms, antigenic properties, and developing corresponding detection and control tools.

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