The Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) belongs to the Togaviridae family and the Alphavirus genus. It is an enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus. The virus was first isolated and identified in 1952 in the southern region of Tanzania. Its name originates from the local Makonde language, meaning "to become contorted," vividly describing the characteristic posture of infected individuals due to severe joint pain. The Chikungunya virus is a typical arbovirus, primarily transmitted through the bites of Aedes mosquitoes (particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), and is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions. In recent years, the virus's distribution has expanded from traditional endemic areas in Africa and Asia to Europe and the Americas, leading to multiple large-scale outbreaks. The virus's transmission cycles involve various models, including "mosquito-human" and "mosquito-primate-mosquito." Its global spread is closely linked to the ecological distribution of mosquito vectors, international travel, and the adaptive evolution of the viral genome.

The Chikungunya virus particle is spherical, with a diameter of approximately 70 nm, exhibiting the typical three-layer structure of alphaviruses. The outermost layer of the virion is a smooth envelope composed of a viral lipid bilayer, regularly embedded with heterodimeric spikes formed by the E1 and E2 glycoproteins. These spikes are arranged in a regular icosahedral lattice as trimers, with the E2 protein responsible for binding to host cell receptors, while the E1 protein mediates the fusion of the viral envelope with the endosomal membrane under acidic conditions, a critical step in viral entry. Inside the envelope lies the nucleocapsid structure, formed by the tight association of the capsid protein (C protein) with the viral genomic RNA. The Chikungunya virus genome is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA, approximately 11.8 kb in length, with a methylated cap at the 5' end and a polyadenylated tail at the 3' end. The virus replicates within the host cell cytoplasm and acquires its envelope via budding from the cell membrane. Conformational changes in its surface glycoproteins play a crucial role in viral entry and immune evasion.

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