Hantavirus belongs to the Hantaviridae family under the order Bunyavirales and is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus. The virus was first discovered in 1976 in the Hantan River area of South Korea, from which its name is derived. Its natural hosts are primarily rodents (such as mice), and the virus can persist in the host for extended periods without causing obvious illness. Hantaviruses are widely distributed globally, with different types of the virus exhibiting close co-evolutionary relationships with specific rodent hosts, forming complex geographic distribution patterns.

Hantavirus particles are spherical or polymorphic, with a diameter of approximately 80–120 nm, displaying typical structural features of bunyaviruses. From the inside out, the virus particle consists of three main components: the core is a helical ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the tightly bound viral genomic RNA and nucleoprotein (N protein); the outer layer is a lipid bilayer envelope composed of the viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc, with a grid-like array of Gn and Gc protein spikes regularly arranged on the envelope surface. The hantavirus genome comprises three single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments, designated as large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), responsible for viral genome replication and transcription; the M segment encodes a polyprotein precursor that is cleaved by proteases to produce the envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc, which play key roles in viral binding to host cell receptors and membrane fusion; the S segment encodes the nucleoprotein (N), the main structural component of the virus particle, which plays a crucial role in viral genome packaging and host immune modulation. The Gn glycoprotein on the surface of the virus particle contains important antigenic epitopes and is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Hantaviruses complete their assembly in the host cell endoplasmic reticulum and are released via the cellular secretory pathway.

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