Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus (SFTSV) belongs to the order Bunyavirales and the family Phenuiviridae. It is an enveloped, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus. The virus was first identified in China in 2009 and is a novel zoonotic virus primarily transmitted through tick bites. Its natural reservoir may include a variety of domestic animals and wildlife. SFTSV is mainly distributed in East Asia, including China, Japan, and South Korea. Its transmission is closely associated with the geographical distribution and seasonal activity of specific tick species (such as Haemaphysalis longicornis), exhibiting distinct regional and seasonal characteristics. As an emerging virus, the epidemiological features, host range, and ecological cycle of SFTSV are important areas of current virological and infectious disease research.

Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus particles are spherical or pleomorphic, with a diameter of approximately 80–120 nm. The virion consists of three main components from the inside out: the core is a ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the viral genomic RNA tightly bound to the nucleoprotein (N protein). The outer layer is a lipid bilayer envelope composed of the viral glycoproteins Gn and Gc. The envelope surface is regularly studded with spikes formed by Gn and Gc heterodimers. The SFTSV genome comprises three single-stranded negative-sense RNA segments: large (L), medium (M), and small (S). The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), responsible for viral genome replication and transcription. The M segment encodes a polyprotein precursor that is processed to produce the viral envelope glycoproteins Gn and Gc, which mediate virus binding to host cell receptors and membrane fusion. The S segment employs an ambisense coding strategy, encoding the nucleoprotein (N) and the nonstructural protein (NSs), respectively. The N protein is the major structural protein of the virion, while the NSs protein plays important roles in viral replication and host immune modulation. The Gn glycoprotein on the virion surface contains critical antigenic epitopes and is a primary target for neutralizing antibodies.

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