Vaccinia virus (VACV) belongs to the family Poxviridae and the genus Orthopoxvirus. It is a structurally complex, enveloped double-stranded DNA virus with a large genome. VACV possesses a unique ability for autonomous replication, completing its entire lifecycle independently within the host cell's cytoplasm—a characteristic that distinguishes it from most other DNA viruses, which replicate in the nucleus. The virus has a broad host range and can efficiently replicate in various mammalian cell lines, making it an important model system for fundamental virological research. In modern biotechnology, due to its large genomic capacity, high-level expression of foreign genes, and strong immunogenicity, VACV has been extensively developed as a gene therapy vector and recombinant vaccine platform. It demonstrates significant application potential, particularly in tumor immunotherapy and the development of novel vaccines.

The vaccinia virion exhibits a complex and distinctive brick-shaped or ovoid structure, measuring approximately 360 × 270 × 250 nm, making it one of the largest and most structurally complex animal viruses. Mature viral particles exist in two main infectious forms: intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which differ significantly in envelope structure and surface protein composition. IMV is the basic infectious form of the virus, with its innermost layer consisting of a dumbbell-shaped core structure formed by the viral genomic DNA and core proteins. This core is surrounded by a thick proteinaceous core wall, and the outermost layer is a lipid envelope integrated with various virus-encoded membrane proteins, embedded with at least 20 virus-specific proteins. EEV, on the other hand, contains an additional envelope derived from the host cell's Golgi apparatus or endosomal membranes, giving it distinct antigenic and physical properties. The vaccinia virus genome is a linear double-stranded DNA molecule approximately 192 kb in length, encoding around 200 open reading frames, including various enzymes and immune-modulatory proteins involved in viral replication, transcription, and assembly. The virion surface contains several important antigenic proteins, such as L1 and A27 on IMV, and EEV-specific proteins like B5 and A33. These proteins play critical roles in viral attachment, membrane fusion, and immune recognition.

Our company provides a comprehensive range of vaccinia virus antigens and antibodies.

【Antigens】

【Antibodies】