Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a ubiquitous gammaherpesvirus prevalent among the human population. EBV is highly endemic, infecting up to 95% of the global population. It belongs to the herpesvirus family and is primarily transmitted through contact with oral secretions. EBV exhibits high host adaptability and can establish a stable and persistent latent infection in the human body. Following primary infection, the virus mainly resides latently in B lymphocytes, with a small proportion also present in oropharyngeal epithelial cells. As an important model virus, EBV offers a unique perspective for studying the long-term symbiotic relationship between viruses and host cells, the regulation of persistent infections by the immune system, and the precise control of viral gene expression.

EBV possesses the typical morphology of a herpesvirus. Its virion structure is complex and well-organized, with a diameter of approximately 120-220 nm. From the inside out, it primarily consists of four components: At the core is the linear double-stranded DNA genome, about 172 kb in length, encoding over 85 genes and various non-coding RNAs, reflecting its rich genetic information. The genome is enclosed within an icosahedral nucleocapsid (diameter about 100 nm) composed of 162 capsomeres. Surrounding the nucleocapsid is an amorphous protein layer called the tegument, which contains various proteins functioning during the early stages of the viral life cycle. The outermost layer is an envelope derived from the host cell membrane, embedded with multiple virus-encoded glycoprotein spikes, such as the gB and gH/gL/gp42 complexes. These structures are key mediators for virus recognition and entry into host cells. During latent infection, the viral genome exists as a circular episome within the host cell nucleus. Its gene expression pattern is tightly regulated, limited to a specific set of latent proteins and RNAs (e.g., EBNA family proteins, LMP proteins, EBERs, and BART miRNAs). These molecules play a central role in maintaining viral genome stability and regulating host cell functions. Studying its structural composition and assembly process is crucial for understanding its infection mechanisms and life cycle.

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