Ebola virus is a non-segmented, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus belonging to the genus Ebolavirus within the family Filoviridae. It is a highly dangerous and often fatal virus that can cause hemorrhagic fever in vertebrates, particularly primates. The virus was first identified in Africa in 1976 and is named after the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The average case fatality rate for Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is approximately 50%, with rates ranging from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks. The virus primarily spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected animals or humans. Ebola outbreaks have mainly occurred in parts of Africa, posing a significant threat to public health. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified it as one of the priority infectious diseases for research.  

EBOV belongs to the Filoviridae family and is a non-segmented, linear, single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus. Its genome is approximately 19 kb in size, with a relative molecular mass of 4.17×10⁶. The virus is enveloped and features 8–10 nm spikes on its surface. The viral particles exhibit diverse morphologies, including branched, U-shaped, 6-shaped, or circular forms, with the branched shape being the most common cellular morphology. EBOV particles have a diameter of about 80 nm and typically appear as long filaments measuring around 1200 nm. In tissue culture, particles as long as 14,000 nm have been observed. The entire viral particle consists of a helical ribonucleoprotein complex containing a negative-sense linear RNA molecule and four virulence structural proteins. Its genome is a non-segmented single-stranded negative-sense RNA approximately 19 kb in length, encoding seven structural proteins and one non-structural protein. The viral particle is primarily composed of the ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP), a matrix layer, and the viral envelope, from the inside out. The RNP includes genomic RNA bound to NP, VP35, VP30, and L proteins. The matrix layer, composed of VP40 and VP24 proteins, plays a key role in maintaining viral morphology and budding. The viral envelope is derived from the host cell membrane and is embedded with trimeric glycoprotein (GP) spikes on its surface. These spikes are the primary mediators of viral attachment and entry into host cells and serve as critical targets for host immune responses, as well as for the development of vaccines and therapies.  

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